What I was able to find within the time I had available:
‘Aber’ — Aberdeen
‘Acad’ — Academy
‘AbaC’ — Abraham Baldwin College
‘AB’ — Air Base
‘AFB’ — Air Force Base
‘Amf’ or ‘A M F’ — ???
‘AS’ — Air Station
‘AFS’ — Air Force Station
‘Arprt’ — Airport
‘Ama’ — Amalie
‘Anx’ — Annex
‘Brks’ — Barracks
‘Bch’ or ‘Beac’ — Beach
‘Blrsdn-Greagl’ — Blairsden-Graeagle
‘Blf’ — Bluff
‘Blfs’ — Bluffs
‘Brg’ — Bridge
‘Boro’ — Borough
‘Brk’ — Brook
‘BVL’ — Buena Ventura Lakes
‘Burlingtn’ — Burlington
‘Burlngtn’ — Burlington
‘Brlngton’ — Burlington
‘bry’ — bury
‘Bte’ — Butte
‘Cmp’ — Camp
‘Cyn’ — Canyon
‘Ctr’ — Center
‘Cy’ — City
‘Cty’ — City
‘CB’ — City Base
‘Clg’ — College
‘Cm’ — Community
‘Cmnty’ — Community
‘Cnty’ — County
‘Cntry’ — Country
‘Cor’ — Courner
‘Cors’ — Courners
‘Ct’ — Court / Center
‘CH’ or ‘C H’ — Court House
‘Cv’ — Cove
‘crk’ — creek
‘Xing’ — Crossing
‘X Rd’ — Cross Road
‘X Rds’ — Cross Roads
‘CTC’ — ??? (Phoenix, AZ)
‘Clvr’ — Culver
‘Cmbrlnd Frnce’ — Cumberland Furnace
‘Dl’ — Dale
‘Dt’ or ‘Dpt’ or ‘Dept’ — Depot / Department
‘Dv’ — Divide
‘E’ — East
‘Est’ — Estate(s)
‘Ests’ — Estates
‘Fls’ — Falls
‘Frm’ — Farm
‘Farr’ — Farragut
‘FBI’ — Federal Bureau of Investigation
‘Fry’ — Ferry
‘Fld’ — Field
‘Flt’ — Flat
‘Flts’ — Flats
‘Frst’ — Forest
‘Fk’ — Fork
‘Fks’ — Forks
‘Ft’ — Fort
‘Gt’ — Gate
‘Gly’ — Gauly / Gully
‘GPO’ — ???
‘Grd’ — Ground
‘Grv’ — Grove
‘Hbr’ — Harbor
‘Havn’ — Haven
‘Hts’ or ‘Hgts’ — Heights
‘Hl’ — Hill
‘Hls’ — Hills
‘Hmstd’ — Homestead
‘Hse’ — House
‘Hdsn’ — Hudson
‘Inlt’ — Inlet
‘Int’ — International
‘Is’ — Island
‘Isl’ — Isle
‘JPV’ — Jan Phyl Village
‘Jct’ — Junction
‘Jctn’ — Junction
‘Lgn’ — Lagoon
‘Lk’ — Lake
‘Lks’ — Lakes
‘Lndg’ — Landing
‘Lgt’ — Light
‘Lcks’ — Locks
‘Mnr’ — Manor
‘Mdw’ — Meadow
‘Mdws’ — Meadows
‘Mls’ — Mills
‘Mo’ — Monument
‘Mnd’ — Mound
‘Mt’ — Mount
‘Mnt’ — Mount / Mountain
‘Mtn’ — Mountain
‘NAS’ — Naval Air Station
‘N’ — North
‘No’ — North
‘Nlr’ — North Little Rock
‘PRS’ — Parcel Return Service
‘Pk’ — Park
‘Plant’ — Plantation (but only sometimes; except when the name actually, literally includes “Plant”)
‘Plt’ — ??? (in Maine, USA)
‘Pt’ — Point
‘Pte’ — Pointe
‘Poly’ — Polytechnic
‘Pnd’ — Pond
‘Pnds’ — Ponds
‘Pt’ or ‘Prt’ — Port
‘Pr’ — Prarie
‘Prov’ — Proving
‘Rch’ — Ranch
‘Rdg’ — Ridge
‘Riv’ — River
‘SLC’ — Salt Lake City
‘SSL’ — Salt Lake City
‘Sn’ — San
‘St’ — Saint
‘Ste’ — Sainte
‘Shls’ — Shoals / Shallows
‘Shor’ or ‘Shrs’ — Shores
‘S’ — South
‘So’ — South
‘Sp’ — Space
‘Spg’ — Spring
‘Spgs’ or ‘Sprgs’ or ‘Sprngs’ — Spring
‘Spfld’ — Springfield
‘Sta’ or ‘Statn’ — Station
‘Sm’ or ‘Smt’ — Summit
‘Tann’ — Tannery
‘Tie’ — Tierra
‘Ter’ — Terrace
‘Twp’ or ‘Twsp’ or ‘Twshp’ — Township
‘Tuc’ — Tucson
‘UCI’, ‘USCB’, ‘UCLA’ — University of California: Irvine, Berkley, Los Angeles
‘UNM’ — University of New Mexico
‘Univ’ — University
‘Vly’ — Valley
‘Vlg’ or ‘Vil’ — Village
‘vl’ — ville / village
‘Vrn’ — Vernon
‘Wtr’ — Water
‘Wtrs’ — Waters
‘Wls’ — Wells
‘W’ — West
‘WDM’ — West Des Moines
‘WB’ — Wilkes Barre
‘Whchstr’ — Winchester
‘Wd’ — Wood
‘Wds’ — Woods
‘Wyo’ — Wyoming
The dataset I was working with is the U.S. and Canada data from http://zipcodedownload.com/ – “Commercial” editions.